In the realm of fluids, a captivating interplay exists between calm motion and the chaotic forces of turbulence. When a liquid flows smoothly, it exhibits gentle patterns, reminiscent of a flowing river. Molecules glide in an orderly manner, their interactions subtle. This harmonious state is known as equilibrium. But when external forces dis

The unique characteristics of alcohols stem directly from the presence of hydrogen bonding. This strong intermolecular interaction arises from the electronegativity of the oxygen-hydrogen group (-OH). The highly attractive oxygen atom pulls electrons towards itself, creating a partial negative charge (δ-) on the oxygen and a partial positive charg